|
Widespread
Pollutants
with Endocrine-disrupting Effects
[background
information about some common EDCs]
Information
is regularly added to this page.
If you have additions--new data on chemicals, references,
corrections or things we missed, etc.--
send information here
Persistent
organohalogens
Compound(s)
|
Hormone
system affected
|
Mechanism
if known
|
References
|
Benzenehexachloride
(BHC) |
Thyroid
|
|
Akhtar et
al. 1996
|
1,2-dibromoethane |
Reproductive
|
|
Brittebo
et al. 1987
|
Chloroform
|
Reproductive
|
|
Brittebo
et al. 1987
|
Dioxins
and furans
(in
order of antiestrogenic potency : 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
> 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran > 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-furan
> 1,2,3,7,9-pentachlorodibenzofuran > 1,3,6,8-tetrachlo-rodibenzofuran)
|
Estrogen
|
work as anti-estrogen through binding with Ah receptor, which then
inhibits estrogen
receptor binding to estrogen response elements, thereby inhibiting
estrogen action
|
Krishnan
and Safe 1993
Klinge
et al. 1999
|
Octachlorostyrene |
Thyroid |
|
Sandan
et al. 2000 |
PBBs
|
Estrogen/
Thyroid
|
|
Bahn
et al. 1980
Henderson
et al. 1995
|
PCBs
(in
order of antiestrogenic potency: 3,3' -pentachlorobiphenyl >
3,3,4,4,5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl >
2,3,3',4,4',5'-hexa, 2,3,3',4,4'- and 2,3,4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl
> Aroclors 1221, 1232. 1248, 1254, and 1260 were inactive as
antiestrogens at the highest concentrations used in this study (10-6
Ni)
|
Estrogen/androgen/Thyroid
Adverse
outcomes in reproductive systems.
|
Inhibits
estrogen binding to the receptor; works as anti-estrogen.
anti-androgenic
via Ah receptor interaction
|
Korach
et al. 1988
Zoeller
et
al. 2000
Grey
et al. 1999
|
PCB,
hydroxylated |
Thyroid
|
Binds
to thyroid hormone binding protein, but not to the thyroid hormone
receptor.
|
Cheek
et al. 1999
|
PBDEs |
Thyroid
|
Interfere
with thyroxine
(T4) binding with transthryetin
|
Ilonka
et al. 2000
|
Pentachlorophenol |
Thyroid
|
Reduces
thyroid hormone possibly through a direct effect on the thyroid
gland.
|
Bear
et al. 1999
Gerhard
et al. 1999
|
Food
Antioxidant
Pesticide
(for information organized by pesticide class)
Compound
|
Hormone
system affected
|
Mechanism
|
References
|
Acetochlor |
Thyroid
(decrease of thyroid hormone levels, increase in TSH)
|
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Alachlor |
Thyroid
(decrease of thyroid hormone levels, increase in TSH)
|
|
Wilson
et al. 1996
|
Aldrin |
Estrogen
|
Binds
to estrogen receptors; competes with estradiol.
|
Jorgenson
2001
|
Allethrin,
d-trans |
Estrogen
|
|
Go
et al. 1999
|
Amitrol |
Thyroid
|
Thyroid
peroxidase inhibitors; inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Atrazine |
Neuroendocrine-pituitary
(depression of LH surge), testosterone metabolism.
|
Inhibits
ligand binding to androgen and estrogen receptors.
|
Danzo
1997
|
Carbaryl |
Estrogen
and progesterone
|
|
Klotz
et al. 1997
|
Chlofentezine |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Chlordane |
Testosterone
and progesterone
|
|
Willingham
et al. 2000
|
Cypermethrin |
Disruption
of reproductive function
|
|
Moore
and Waring 2001
|
DDT |
Estrogen
|
DDT
and related compounds act in a number of ways to disrupt endocrine
function by binding with the estrogen receptor, including estrogen
mimickry and antagonism, altering the pattern of synthesis or metabolism
of hormones, and (4) modifying hormone receptor levels
|
Soto
et al. 1994
Lascombe
et al. 2000
Kupfer
et al. 1980
Rajapakse
et al. 2001
|
DDT
Metabolite, p,p'-DDE |
Androgen
|
Inhibits
androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional
activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult
male rats.
|
Kelce
1995
|
Dicofol
(Kelthane) |
Estrogen
|
|
Vinggaard
et al. 1999
|
Dieldrin |
Estrogen
|
Binds
to estrogen receptor;competes with estradiol.
|
Soto
et al. 1994
Jorgenson
2001
|
Endosulfan |
Estrogen
|
|
Soto
et al. 1994
Soto
et al. 1995
|
Ethylene
thiourea |
Thyroid
|
Thyroid
peroxidase inhibitor.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Fenarimol |
Estrogen
|
Estrogen
receptor agonist.
|
Vinggaard
et al. 1999
|
Fenbuconazole |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Fenitrothion |
Antiandrogen
|
Competitive
androgen receptor antagonist.
|
Tamura
et al. 2001
|
Fenvalerate |
Estrogen
|
|
Go
et al. 1999
|
Fipronil |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Heptachlor |
Thyroid
|
|
Akhtar
et al. 1996
Reuber
1987
|
Heptachlor-epoxide |
Thyroid/Reproductive
|
Metabolite
of heptachlor
|
Reuber
1987
|
Iprodione |
Inhibition
of testosterone synthesis
|
|
Benhamed
1996
|
Karate |
Thyroid
|
A
decrease of thyroid hormone in serum; direct effect on the thyroid
gland?
|
Akhtar
et al. 1996
|
Kepone
(Chlordecone) |
Estrogen
|
Displays
androgen and estrogen receptor-binding affinities.
|
Waller
et al. 1996
Soto
et al. 1994
McLachlan(ed)
|
Ketoconazole |
Effects
on reproductive systems
|
|
Marty
et al. 1999
Marty
et al. 2001
|
Lindane
(Hexachlorocyclohexane) |
Estrogen/Androgen
|
Inhibits
ligand binding to androgen and estrogen receptors.
|
Danzo
1997
|
Linuron |
Androgen
|
Androgen
receptor antagonist.
|
Waller
et al. 1996
Lambright
et al. 2000
Grey
et al. 1999
|
Malathion |
Thyroid
|
Significant
decrease of thyroid hormone in serum, with perhaps a direct effect
on the thyroid gland.
|
Akhtar
et al. 1996
|
Mancozeb |
Thyroid
|
Thyroid
peroxidase inhibitors.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Maneb |
Thyroid
|
The
metabolite ethylenthiourea inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
|
Toppari
et al. 1995
|
Methomyl |
Thyroid
|
|
Porter
et al. 1993
Klotz
et al. 1997
|
Methoxychlor |
Estrogen
|
Through
mechanisms other than receptor antagonism. Precise mechanism still
unclear.
|
Pickford
and Morris 1999
|
Metribuzin |
Thyroid
|
|
Porter
et al. 1993
|
Mirex |
Antiandrogenic
activity; inhibits production of LH. Potentially thyroid.
|
|
Chen
et al. 1986
Chernoff
et al. 1976
|
Nitrofen |
Thyroid
|
Structural
similarities to the thyroid hormones; nitrofen or its metabolite
may have thyroid hormone activities.
|
Stevens
and Summer 1991
|
Nonachlor,
trans- |
Estrogen
|
Estrogen
receptor agonist?
|
Willingham
et al. 2000
|
Oxychlordane |
Reproductive
|
|
Guillette
et al. 1999
|
Pendimethalin |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Pentachloronitrobenzene |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Permethrin |
Estrogenic
|
|
Go
et al. 1999
|
Procymidone |
Androgen
|
Androgen
receptor antagonist.
|
Ostby
et al. 1999
Grey
et al. 1999
|
Prodiamine |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Pyrimethanil |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Sumithrin |
Androgen
|
|
Go
et al. 1999
|
Tarstar |
Thyroid
|
A
decrease of thyroid hormone in serum; direct effect on the thyroid
gland?
|
Akhtar
et al. 1996
|
Thiazopyr |
Thyroid
|
Enhances
secretion of thyroid hormone.
|
Hurley
et al. 1998
|
Thiram |
Neuroendocrine-pituitary
(depression of LH surge), thyroid (decrease of T4, increase of TSH)
|
|
Stoker
et al. 1993
|
Toxaphene |
Estrogen/
Thyroid
|
|
Soto
et al. 1994
|
Triadimefon |
Estrogen
|
Estrogen
receptor agonist.
|
Vinggaard
et al. 1999
|
Triadimenol |
Estrogen
|
Estrogen
receptor agonist
|
Vinggaard
et al. 1999
|
Tributyltin |
Reproductive
|
|
Horiguchi
et al. 2000
|
Trifluralin |
Reproductive/
Metabolic
|
|
Rawlings
et al. 1998
|
Vinclozolin |
Androgen
|
Anti-androgenic.
(Competes with androgens for the androgen
receptor (AR), inhibits AR-DNA binding, and alters androgen-dependent
gene expression.)
|
Soto
et al. 1994
Soto
et al. 1995
Kelce
et al. 1994
Grey
et al. 1999
|
Zineb |
Thyroid
|
The
metabolite ethylenthiourea inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
|
Toppari
et al. 1995
|
Ziram |
Thyroid
|
Inhibits
the iodide peroxidase. Structural similarities between ziram and
thiram; ziram can be metabolized to thiram in the environment.
|
Marinovich
et al. 1997
|
Phthalate
Other
Compounds
Metals
|
|